Fonio-Derived Amylase: Sustainable Innovations for National Food Security and Employment Creation

Abstract

Background: Ensuring national food security and reducing unemployment are of high importance, and the innovative and sustainable utilisation of indigenous amylase sources is essential. Fonio (Digitaria exilis, Digitaria iburua), an underutilised indigenous cereal, represents a culturally important but economically overlooked source of amylase, an enzyme widely used in various industrial applications. Objective: This study explores the production and characterisation of amylases derived from fonio as a sustainable innovation aimed at reducing dependence on imported cereals and, as such, generating employment opportunities (state the objective to achieve). Methodology: This study explores the potential of fonio as a sustainable and efficient source of amylase, comparing its properties and performance with those of traditional sources. Results: The results showed that fonio-induced amylase exhibits high enzymatic activity, stability, and specificity, making it an attractive alternative for industrial uses. An optimal germination condition was achieved by steeping the grains in water or water containing phosphate salts at pH 6.5. However, the second day of germination produced the highest number of amylase. The obtained amount was higher for grains steeped in buffer at pH 6.5 than for those steeped in just water. Digitaria iburua produced more amylase than Digitaria exilis. Digitaria exilis gave 17498 U/mg protein, while Digitaria iburua gave 24332 U/mg protein. Optimal conditions for pH and temperature were investigated, and 30 °C was the best temperature for amylase induction. Conclusion/ Recommendations: This research highlights the potential of fonio to contribute to more sustainable and efficient industrial enzyme production, with implications for the food, beverage, and biofuel industries. The use of fonio as a source of amylase offers advantages, including reduced water requirements, low production costs, and sustainability. The research suggests that fonio, a locally grown cereal, could be a total replacement for imported barley for biological applications.