Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices on Rhesus Factor Determination among Women of Reproductive Age: A Case Study from Oyo State.

Abstract

Background: The Rhesus (Rh) factor is an inherited red blood cell surface antigen. Although preventive measures such as anti-D immunoglobulin have reduced the global burden of Rh haemolytic disease, Rh incompatibility remains a significant cause of perinatal and neonatal morbidity and mortality in low- and middle-income countries. The persistence of the problem has been linked to poor awareness, inadequate screening, and limited knowledge among women of reproductive age (15–49 years). This study examined the knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding Rh factor determination among women of reproductive age in Ibadan North-East Local Government Area, Oyo State, Nigeria. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional design employing mixed methods was adopted. A total of 365 women of reproductive age (15–49 years) were selected through a six-stage sampling process from six communities within the study area. Data were collected using a pretested structured questionnaire and in-depth interviews. Knowledge was measured on a 9-point scale, with scores ranging from 0 to 5 classified as poor and from 6 to 9 as good. Attitudes were assessed on a 30-point scale, categorised into negative (0–20) and positive (21–30). Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests at p < 0.05, while qualitative data were analysed thematically. Results: The findings revealed that 65.5% of respondents had poor knowledge of the Rh factor and Rh incompatibility, although 89.9% demonstrated positive attitudes toward Rh testing. Practices regarding Rh determination and management of incompatibility were generally favourable. Knowledge was significantly influenced by educational attainment, religion, occupation, and monthly income. Furthermore, attitude was positively associated with level of knowledge, underscoring the link between awareness and behavioural disposition. Conclusion/ Recommendations: The study highlights persistent knowledge gaps despite positive attitudes and reported practices. Targeted health education and sensitisation strategies are recommended to improve women’s understanding of Rh incompatibility, strengthen antenatal screening uptake, and reduce preventable maternal and neonatal complications.