E-COMMERCE THROUGH THE LENS OF SHARĪʿAH: PRINCIPLES, PRACTICES, AND COMPLIANCE IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY

Abstract

This paper examined the development and implementation of Sharīʿah-compliant e-business models in the context of contemporary digital commerce. It explored the foundational Islamic legal principles governing commercial transactions and assessed how these principles were operationalized in modern e-business environments. The study investigated key components such as the prohibition of ribā (interest), the requirement of halāl and ethical product offerings, transparency in transactions, data privacy, fair marketing practices, charitable integration, and the role of Sharīʿah advisory boards. Drawing upon classical jurisprudence (fiqh al-muʿāmalāt), contemporary fatwā literature, and global regulatory standards, the research demonstrated that Sharīʿah principles were not only compatible with digital commerce but provided a robust ethical framework for e-business innovation. Practical case studies—including platforms such as Wahed Invest, OneAgrix, and HalalBooking—were analyzed to highlight the viability and adaptability of Sharīʿah-compliant models in real-world settings. The study also addressed emerging challenges such as smart contracts, artificial intelligence, and regulatory harmonization, advocating for renewed ijtihād and stronger institutional governance to ensure ongoing compliance. It concluded that Sharīʿah-compliant e-business models could serve as a moral compass for the digital economy, promoting fairness, social justice, and trust in commercial transactions. The research contributed to the growing discourse on Islamic digital finance and provided policy-relevant insights for regulators, entrepreneurs, and scholars in the field.