Effect of Aqueous Extract of Senna occidentalis Leaves on Haematological and Liver Biochemical Parameters in Wistar Rats

T. A. Owolarafe; M. Fadilu; K. Salauu; C. J. Onanamadu; A. T. Lawal; G. O. Ihegboro; M. M. Barau

doi:10.53704/fujnas.v6i2.151

Authors

T. A. Owolarafe Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Science, Nigeria Police Academy
M. Fadilu Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Science, Nigeria Police Academy
K. Salauu Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Science, Nigeria Police Academy
C. J. Onanamadu Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Science, Nigeria Police Academy
A. T. Lawal Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Science, Nigeria Police Academy
G. O. Ihegboro Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Science, Nigeria Police Academy
M. M. Barau Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Science, Nigeria Police Academy

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.53704/fujnas.v6i2.151

Abstract

This study evaluated the effect of aqueous extract of Senna occindentalis leaves on some biochemical parameters in Wistar rats. Twenty albino rats equally divided into four experimental groups were used. One group served as control and received the carrier solvent treatment. Three test groups were treated with S. occidentalis extract at 500, 1000 and 1500 mg/kg body weight respectively. The experiment lasted for 14 days after which the rats were sacrificed and blood collected for biochemical and haematological evaluation. Liver-body weight ratio was computed and liver histoarchitecture was investigated. The results showed that all haematological parameters were significantly (P<0.05) affected except the mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration and mean corpuscular volume. There were also significant (P<0.05) alterations in the activities of gamma-glutamyl transferase, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase, as well as the levels of total protein, albumin and globulin in the serum. No significant (P>0.05) alterations were observed in the computed liver-body weight ratio but marked alterations in histoarchitecture of the liver cells were present. These alterations in the haematological parameters, liver function enzymes and histological evaluation suggest a selective toxicity of the extract on the animals.

Keywords: Senna occindetalis, aqueous extract, gamma-glutamyl transferase, haematology, histology

References

Achterberg, J. (2013). Imagery in healing In: Shamanism and modern medicine. Shambhala Publications.

Adebayo, J. O., Yakubu, M. T., Egwin, E. C., Owoyele, B. V. & Enaibe, B. U. (2003). Effect of ethanolic extract of Khaya senegalensis on some biochemical parameters of rat kidney. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 88(1), 69-72.

Adebayo, J., Adesokan, A., Olatunji, L., Buoro, D. & Soladoye, A. (2005). Effect of ethanolic extract of Baugainvillea spectabilis leaves on hematological and serum lipid variables in rats. Biokemistri , 17, 45-50.

Akanji, M. A. and Ngaha E. O. (1989). Effect of repeated administration of Berenil on urinary enzyme excretion with corresponding tissue pattern in rats. Pharmacology and Toxicology, 64, 272-275.

Amresh, G. R., Singh, P. N., Rao, V. C. (2008). Toxicological screening of traditional medicine Laghupatha (Cissampelos pareira) in experimental animals. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 116, 454–460.

Ashafa A. O. T., Sunmonu, T. O. & Afolayan, A. J. (2011). Effect of leaf and berry extracts of Phytolacca dioica L. on haematological and weight parameters of Wistar rats. Africa Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 5, 150–154.

Ashafa A. O. T., Yakubu M. T., Grierson, D. S., and Afolayan, A. J. (2011). Evaluation of aqueous extract of Felicia muricata leaves for Anti-immflamatory anti-nociceptive and antipyreticactivities. Pharmaceutical Biology, 48(9), 994-1001.

Auwioro, O. G. (2010). Histochemistry and tissue pathology principle and techniques 2nd Edition.

Barbosa-Ferreira, M., Dagli, M. L., Maiorka, P. C. & Gorniak, S. L.(2005). Sub acute intoxication of Senna occidentalis seeds in rats. Food Chemistry and Toxicology, 43, 497-503.

Blench, R. (2007). Hausa names for plant and trees 2nd Edition retrieved from http://www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm on 25/10/2014.

Cai, Y. Z., Sun M. & Corke, H. (2003). Antioxidant activity of betalains from plants of the Amaranthaeceae. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51(8), 2288-2294.

Chapatwala, K., Boykin, M. A. & Rajanna, B. (1982). Effects of intraperitoneally injected cadmium on renal and hepatic glycogenic enzymes in the rat. Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 5, 305-317.

Debelo, N., Afework, M., Debella, A., Makonnen, E., Ergete W, and Geleta, B. (2016). Assessment of hematological, biochemical and histopathological effects of acute and sub-chronic administration of the aqueous leaves extract of Thymus schimperi in rats. Journal of Clinical Toxicology, 6, 286-292. doi:10.4172/2161-0495.1000286.

Eyo, J. E., Nwachukwu, L. O., Onah, I. E., Atama, C. I., Ekeh, F. N., Ezenwaji, N. E. & Ivoke, N. (2013). Effects of the aqueous extract of Vernonia amygdalina on the heamatological profile of Rattus norvegicus. Advances in Life Science and Technology, 11, 19-24.

Gained, K. N., Budhiraja R. D. & Kaul, R. D. (1966). Antibiotic activity of Cassia occidentalis L. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 28, 248-250.

Gifford, L. (1995). Low activities of aspartate and alanine aminotransferase (their significance in alcoholic liver disease). Laboratory Medicine, 26(4), 273-276.

Grant, G. H., Silverman, L. M. & Christenson, R. H. (1987). Amino acids and proteins. In: Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry. Tietz, N. W. Ed., Third Edition, WB Saunders Company Philadelphia USA, pp. 328-329.

Haselwood, E. L. & Motter G. G. (1966). Handbook of Hawaiian Weeds. Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association, Honolulu, HI., USA pg. 479.

Henry, J. B. (1984). Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods, 17th ed. WB Saunders Co., 1984, p. 1437.

Henty, E. E., Pritchard, G. H., & Owner, F. (1975). Weeds of New Guinea and their Control. 2nd Edn. Division of Botany, Dept. of Forests. Papua New Guinea, pg 180.

Iannacone, M., Sitia, G., Isogawa, M., Marchese, P., Castro, M. G., Lowenstein, P. R., Chisari, F. V., Ruggeri, Z. M. & Guidotti, L. G. (2005). Platelets mediate cytotoxic T lymphocyte-induced liver damage. Nature Medicine, 11 (11), 1167–1169.

Ibrahim, M. A., Aliyu, A. B., Sallau, A. B., Bashir M., Yunusa, I. & Umar, T. S. (2010). Senna occidentalis leaf extracts possesses antitrypanosomal activity and ameoliorates the trypanosome-induced anemia and organ damage. Pharmacognosy Research, 2(3), 175-10. dio 10.4103/0974-8490.65513.

Isah, T. & Mujib, A. (2013). In vitro plant regeneration of coffee senna (Senna occidentalis) from hypocotyl-derived callus. Acta Biologica Cracoviensia, 55(2), 120–125.

Jimoh, O. R., Olaore, J., Olayaki, L., Olawepo, A. & Bilimaminu S. (2008). Effect of aqueous extract of Ocimum gratissimum on haematological parameters of Wistar rats. Biokemistri, 20(1), 33-37.

Kohnke, J. (2009). Blood Counts: A Practical Guide to Common Problems. Retrieved from http://www.kohnkesown.com.loodcounts on 20/09/2015.

Krause W. J. (2001). The art of examining and interpreting histologic preparations. A student handbook. Partheton Publishing Group, UK. 9-10.

Nwaehujor, C. O., Ode, O. J. & Okoye, D. N. (2011). The hepatoprotective effect of Senna occidentalis methanol leaf extract against acetaminophen-induced hepatic damage in rats. Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 6(7), 637-646.

Odeja, O., Obi, G., Ogwuche, C. E., Elemike, E. E. & Oderinlo, Y. (2016). Phytochemical screening, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Senna occidentalis (L.) leaves extract. ClinicalPhytoscience, 1, 6-11. DOI 10.1186/s40816-015-0007-y

Okon, U. A., Ita, S. O., Ekpenyong, C. E., Davies, K. G. & Inyang, O. I. (2011). Reduction of platelet and lymphocyte counts and elevation of neutrophil counts in rats treated with aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum. African Journal of Biochemistry Research, 5(9), 303-306.

Parasuraman, S. (2011). Toxicological screening. Yohimbine, 2 (2), 74-79. http://doi.org/10.4103/0976-500X.81895.

Periyar, S. S., Palanisamy, A., Sharida, F. & Murugesan, K. (2014). Beneficial effects of mangiferin isolated from Salacia chinensis on biochemical and hematological parameters in rats with streptozotocin induced diabetes. Pakistan Journal of Pharmacuetical Sciences, 27(1), 161-167.

Salau, A. K., Yakubu, M. T. & Oladiji, A. T. (2015). Hepatoprotective effects of aqueous root bark extracts of Anogeissus leiocarpus, Terminalia avicennioides, and their mixture in diethylnitrosamine-treated rats. Drug Development & Therapeutics, 6, 93-100.

Szasz, G. & Bergmeyer, H. U. (1974). Methods of Enzymatic Analysis. 2nd edition, Weinheim Verlag Chemie.

Tate, S.S. & Rose, M. E. (1977). Human kidney gamma-glutamyl transpeptiadase: catalytic properties, subunit, structure and localization of the gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase site on the large subunit. Journal of Biological Chemistry,252, 6042-6045.

Tietz, N. W. (1994). Textbook of Clinical Chemistry. 2nd ed. W.B. Saunders Co., pp. 717-723.

Timm, C. D. & Riet-Correa, F. (1997). Plant toxic to pigs. Ciencia Rural, 27, 521-528.

World Health Organization (2008). Traditional Medicine fact sheet No 134 retrived from www.who.int/mediacentre.factsheets/fs134.en/ on 18/12/2014.

Yakubu, M. T., Akanji, M. A. & Oladiji, A. T. (2007). Heamatological evaluation in male albino rats following chronic administration of aqueous extract of Fadogia agrestis stem. Pharmacognosy Magazine, 3(9), 34-38.

Yakubu, M. T., Bilbis, L. S., Lawal, M. & Akanji, M. A. (2003). Evaluation of selected parameters of rat Liver and kidney function following repeated administration of yohimbine. Biokemistri, 15, 50-56.

Yakubu, M. T. & Musa, I. F. (2012). Liver and kidney functional indices of pregnant rats following the administration of the crude alkaloids from Senna alata (Linn. Roxb) leaves. Iranian Journal of Toxicology, 6(16), 615-625.

Yang, X., Schnackenberg, L. K.,Shi, Q. & Salminen, W. F. (2014). Hepatic toxicity biomarkers. In: Biomarkers in Toxicology Gupta, R (Ed)) pp. 241-259. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-404630-6.00013-0.

Zheng, W. & Wang, S. Y. (2003). Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in selected herbs. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 49(11), 5165-5170.