Fountain Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences
MISSION STATEMENT Fountain Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences (FUJNAS) is the official publication of the College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Fountain University, Osogbo, Nigeria. The journal seeks to: serve scientists by publishing significant advances in the fields of natural and applied sciences; and ensure prompt and rapid dissemination of scientific information to the world for the purpose of scientific knowledge/education, lifestyle, culture and career development FUJNAS ORGANOGRAM
College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Fountain University, Osogbo, Nigeria
Authors retain copyright of their work, with first publication rights granted to Fountain Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences. Articles in FUJNAS are published on the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0).
Fabrication of tripartite green-synthesised AgNPs/Nanobiochar/Co-MOF composite for adsorptive removal of methylparaben: adsorption, mechanistic and thermodynamic investigations investigations
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">The tripartite composite of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), Nanobiochar, and cobalt metal-organic frameworks (Co-MOF) was prepared via a non-thermal, hydro-based method. The successful integration of AgNPs, Nanobiochar, and Co-MOF was ascertained via Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, and molecular docking optimisation. The adsorption process of the AgNPs/Nanobiochar/Co-MOF composite–methylparaben (MPB) was examined experimentally and computationally using Density functional theory (DFT). The pH point of zero charge of the AgNPs/Nanobiochar/Co-MOF composite was observed at 8.8, while maximum adsorption occurred at pH 6. The thermodynamic, isotherm, and kinetic evaluation of the adsorption data indicates that the adsorption process is exothermic and best described by the Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second-order (PSO) kinetics. The adsorption process of methylparaben (MPB) on the AgNPs/Nanobiochar/Co-MOF composite is characterised as physisorption, exothermic, spontaneous, and multilayered, as revealed by negative values of enthalpy (ΔH°) and free energy (ΔG°), with a monolayer adsorption capacity (qmax) of 45.19 mg g-1. The adsorption process, as predicted by Density functional theory (DFT) results, indicates that adsorption arises from interaction of methylparaben (MPB) with the Co metal centre of the composite complex [CH3O---Co or C=O---Co] or the uncoordinated N atom of the imidazole ring [C=O---H-Imz, -N---H-Ph]. The complex [CH3O---Co] is the most probable mode of interaction owing to lower predicted ∆G, greater binding energy, electron transfer, and a possible contribution from hydrogen bonding in complex [C=O---H-Imz, -N---H-Ph] at elevated temperature.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yusuf Ayinde, Prof. Luqmon A. Azeez, Saheed A. Popoola, Hakeem S. Bolarinwa, Oluwadamilare Samuel, Wasiu K. Sulaimon, Ruqoyyah D. Oladeji https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Microplastic–metal nexus in soil and freshwater fish: distribution, bioavailability and risk assessment
This paper examined the prevalence of microplastics (MPs) and toxic metals (TMs) in soils and freshwater fish in three urban centres, Osogbo, Ilesa and Ile-Ife, in southwestern Nigeria. Soil and fish were collected during the wet and dry seasons, extracted and characterised using density separation, oxidative digestion, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and optical microscopy. An inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) was used to quantify metal content. Contamination models, estimated daily intake (EDI), hazard quotient (HQ) and lifetime cancer risk (LCR) were used to measure ecological and human health risks. The MP abundance in soil ranged from 1,200 to 5,733 particles/kg, and in fish from 1,045 to 130,556 particles/kg, with the wet season showing the highest values. The trend of MPs in fish organs from different rivers follows: GIT > liver > muscle > kidney > heart. Elevated levels of Fe, Al, Zn, and Cu were found in the metal analysis, along with toxic metals Pb, Cd, Cr, and Ni, with Cd posing the greatest ecological concern. The result also showed significant non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks associated with toxic metals, particularly Cr, Pb and Cd. The EDI of MPs in fish organs showed a significant seasonal variation, with exposure substantially higher during the dry season.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abayomi A Oladejo, Prof. Luqmon A. Azeez, Dr. Adebanjo J. Anifowose, Dr. Rasheed O. Adetoro, Dr. Hassan K. Busari, Yusuf T. Ayinde, Saheed Basiru, Shakirat Muhammed-Lawal, Daud I. Azeez, Abdulrahman O. Makanjuola https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A comprehensive review of deepfakes in digital media forensics
Deepfake technology has grown fast in recent years. It started as a simple experiment but is now widely used to create very realistic fake images, sounds, and videos. This development emerged from advanced Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods, including generative adversarial networks (GANs), autoencoders, and diffusion models. This paper examines how deepfakes are made, the tools behind them, and different ways people use them, both for good and bad. Ninety-five papers in all were gathered from various sources. After carefully reviewing each publication, it was found that some shared similar objectives and methods. As a result, the most pertinent papers were chosen for adoption and review. This article examines the challenges of detecting deepfakes using AI tools, including CNNs, time-based models, attention mechanisms, and multimodal models. The paper points out real problems with these detection systems, such as biased data, difficulty handling new kinds of deepfakes, and attacks that try to fool the detectors. In the end, it emphasises that fixing the deepfake problem is not just a technological issue. It also needs laws, better rules, and more public understanding.
Copyright (c) 2026 NURENI AZEEZ, Damilola S Aaron, S. A. Akinbooro, Chioma C. Isiekwene https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Modelling and simulation of RLC circuits for transient and steady-state analysis
Resistor, Inductor, Capacitor (RLC) circuits are the basis of electrical and electronic engineering, serving as the pivot for applications ranging from signal processing to filter design. Despite the widespread use of RLC circuits, many overlook a systematic, simulation-based approach, particularly one that links damping features to circuit stability and performance. Using second-order differential equations, this study models and simulates series and parallel RLC circuits, with numerical solutions implemented in MATLAB. The simulations examined transient and steady-state responses across various resistance values, revealing the behaviours of underdamped, critically damped, and overdamped systems. From this study, the critically damped systems exhibit the fastest stabilisation without oscillations, while the overdamped systems return to equilibrium more steadily and slowly. In underdamped systems, oscillations were observed before stability was reached. The findings from this study validate the theoretical predictions of second-order linear systems and demonstrate the effects of the damping system in circuit optimisation, preventing oscillations caused by voltage or current surges. This study provides a framework that bridges theoretical modelling and numerical simulation, offering practical insights for researchers and engineers involved in circuit design and analysis.
Copyright (c) 2025 O.P. Idowu, A.A. Ibrahim, Temitope Aramide, Oketayo Oyebamiji https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Application of aeroradiometric data for lithological classification and iron ore prospecting in southwestern Nigeria
The efforts to diversify the economy make it imperative to develop Nigeria's solid mineral sector. Geological mapping represents a critical foundation in solid mineral prospecting. The integration of aeroradiometric data into reconnaissance geological mapping of iron ore occurrence in parts of Sheet 224 (Osi), Nigeria, provides complementary information on alteration zones, intrusions, and lithological units. Analysis of aeroradiometric data for the study area reveals that the total count (TC) value ranges from 7.7 to 77.1 counts per thousand (cpt). Additionally, the potassium (K) concentration ranges from 0.2% to 5.0%. Also, the ranges of equivalent values of Thorium (eTh) and Uranium (eU) are 6.5 ppm to 68.6 ppm and 0.8 ppm to 10.1 ppm, respectively. The synthesis of results from TC, K, eTh, and eU maps reveals the presence of metasediments, metasedimentary rocks, and intrusive rocks in the study area. Additionally, post-metamorphic tectonic activities in the study area are indicated by the presence of mafic and felsic intrusive rocks in the western and eastern parts. The K/eTh map reveals the presence of hydrothermal alteration zones in the eastern part of the study area, where the eTh and eU maps confirm the presence of mafic intrusive rock. Hence, the occurrence of iron ore in this area is inferred.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bashiru Alaba Ojulari, Prof. S. Olatunji, Dr I.O. Folorunsho https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis and characterisation of electrospun ZnO-TiO2 mixed oxide nanofibrous film
This study investigates the effects of TiO₂ concentration on the optical and dielectric properties of ZnO electrospun nanofiber thin films, with the aim of enhancing visible-light absorption and conversion efficiency. Electrospun solutions of titanium(iv) propoxide, zinc acetate dihydrate, poly(vinyl acetate), and N, N-dimethylformamide were deposited onto glass substrates and subsequently calcined. The resulting fibres had a mean width of approximately 250 nm. Structural and optical characterisation using SEM, EDS, RBS, XRD, and UV–Vis spectroscopy revealed no significant lattice interaction between Zn and Ti atoms, while optical analysis indicated a redshift in the absorption edge and narrowing of the bandgap from 2.89 eV (5% Ti) to 2.39 eV (25% Ti). Urbach tail analysis demonstrated reduced disorder with higher Ti content. The dielectric and optical conductivity parameters increased with photon energy, particularly around the bandgap region. This work highlights a facile and reproducible electrospinning route for tailoring ZnO–TiO₂ nanofibres towards efficient visible-light photocatalysis and other optoelectronic applications. <!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:line id="Straight_x0020_Connector_x0020_964758273" o:spid="_x0000_s1026" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left; z-index:251658245;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square; mso-wrap-distance-left:9pt;mso-wrap-distance-top:0;mso-wrap-distance-right:9pt; mso-wrap-distance-bottom:0;mso-position-horizontal:absolute; mso-position-horizontal-relative:text;mso-position-vertical:absolute; mso-position-vertical-relative:text' from="-1.7pt,5.65pt" to="521pt,5.65pt" o:gfxdata="[binary] " strokecolor="black [3213]" strokeweight="1pt"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/> </v:line><![endif]-->
Copyright (c) 2026 Hakeem S. Bolarinwa, Lukman O. Animasahun, Michael U. Onuu, Adeniyi Y Fasasi, Oluwagbemiga O Alayande https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluating Water Quality and Health Risks: A Study of Aisin River and Sediment Contamination in Eripa, Osun State, Nigeria
This study assessed water quality and potential health risks from heavy metal contamination in the Aisin River, a key surface water source in Eripa, Osun State, Nigeria. Water and sediment samples were collected from five strategic locations and analysed for physicochemical parameters and heavy metal concentrations. Sample digestion followed the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) method, and metals were quantified using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). The weighted arithmetic water quality index (WAWQI) was used to evaluate water quality, while human health risks were assessed using hazard quotient (HQ) and carcinogenic risk (CR) models for ingestion, dermal, and inhalation pathways in adults and children. WQI values ranged from 51.94 to 77.95, classifying the water as “poor” to “very poor.” Concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cr, and As in water exceeded the WHO permissible limits. Cr levels in water at L1 were significantly lower (p<0.05) than at the other sites, whereas Zn levels at L1 were significantly higher (p<0.05). In sediments, Pb, Cd, Cr, and As were significantly elevated at L1 (p<0.05), suggesting localised contamination. Overall, sediments showed higher metal concentrations than water (p<0.05). Ingestion was the dominant route of exposure, with children more vulnerable than adults. HQ values for children via sediment ingestion exceeded 1 at several sites. Although carcinogenic risks remained within acceptable limits (10⁶–10⁴), they were highest through ingestion. These findings underscore the urgent need for targeted pollution control, sustainable land-use practices, and continuous environmental monitoring to protect public health and the aquatic ecosystem.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fatai Afolabi, Warith Adewale ADEBISI, Rukayat Odunola OPATOKUN-SALIU, Gboyega Oluwaseun OYELEKE, Usman oladayo AFOLABI, Timothy Kayode SAMSON https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Reservoir-scale petrographic and grain size study of Bida basin sandstones: A geophysical perspective on porosity and depositional trends
This study investigated the granulometric and petrographic characteristics of siliciclastic sediments in parts of the Northern Bida Basin, with the aim of evaluating their influence on porosity, permeability, and hydrocarbon storage potential through aeromagnetic and sedimentological analyses The objectives are to: (i) determine area of low magnetic intensity, (ii) determine the grain size distribution, (iii) assess petrographic features, (iv) determine the heavy mineral composition, and (v) delineate the possible areas for good porosity and permeability. The study revealed that: (i) the sandstones are characterized by coarse to very coarse grains, with moderate to poor sorting, and exhibit a very leptokurtic distribution, indicating a good reservoir quality due to high porosity and permeability; (ii) the bivariate plots reveals that the sediments are primarily of fluvial and beach origin; (iii) the petrographic analysis indicates dominance of quartz amongst the constituents, which reflects a mature sediment source; (iv) the sediment exhibits a mixed origin; and (v) Kutigi and Bida locations appear to have the best potential for hydrocarbon storage due to their better sorting and grain distribution, leading to improved permeability. The study concluded that the Bida Basin showed hydrocarbons with key petroleum elements, though immature source rocks limit generation. The study, therefore, recommended detailed characterisation of petroleum system elements and reservoir quantification for further studies to achieve a comprehensive hydrocarbon prospectivity of the basin.
Copyright (c) 2025 Taofeeq Issa, Saminu Olatunji https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Microbiological, proximate, and bioactive nutrient analyses of ‘Muzha’: A novel traditional Nigerian condiment of the ‘Marghi’ tribe in Adamawa and Borno States
‘Muzha’ is a Nigerian traditional, spontaneous-fermented condiment made from a blend of seeds of Parkia biglobosa and Hibiscus cannabinus. This work assessed the microbiological safety, nutritional value, and bioactive properties of the condiment. Five samples were purchased from hawkers in Madagali Local Government Area of Adamawa State. Microbiological and nutritional analyses were done using standard methods. Bacillus and Candida species were the fermenting microorganisms. Proximate nutritional analysis showed that protein was most abundant (31±0.2), followed by crude fibre (7.0±0.3), fat (5.9±0.8), and carbohydrates (4.7±0.9). The most abundant mineral ion was potassium (2637±.5 mg/100g), followed by phosphorus (1345.2±1.1 mg/100g), then magnesium (200.4±1.5 mg/100g) and sodium (31.2±0.7 mg/100g). The least were recorded for zinc (6.0±0.03 mg/100g) and manganese (2.7±0.0 mg/100g). Vitamin A was most abundant at 44.8±0.1 mg/100g, vitamin C at 34.1±0.4 mg/100g, and vitamin E at 1.8±0.0 mg/100g. The contents of vitamins B1 and B2 were negligible. Twelve bioactive nutrients that were mostly unsaturated fatty acids were detected and characterised. Oleic acid methyl ester, palmitic acid methyl ester, and 9-octadecenoic acid, -12-hydroxy were the most abundant. Vitamins A and C, and the bioactive compounds could provide needed nutrients against cardiovascular, cancer, and other physiological and metabolic problems among adults. Our findings showed that ‘Muzha’ is microbiologically safe, nutritionally rich, and can be used to ameliorate malnutrition observed among insurgency-ravaged children of the north-eastern part of Nigeria. Further work is underway to determine the best starter culture for ‘Muzha’ production. To our knowledge, this condiment has not been reported previously.
Copyright (c) 2025 Olumuyiwa Moses Adeyemo, Ummulsalma Idris Pela, Ishaku Sule, Vincent Glaku Zirra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Measurements of soil resistivity and moisture content in four selected locations within Iwo town for grounding installation
In Nigeria, Grounding Systems Installation (GSI) were carried out without prior knowledge of Soil Apparent Resistivity (SAR) and Soil Moisture Content (SMC) of a location, which strongly influence its effective functioning when fault current builds up in the electrical circuit. Therefore, these two factors were measured in four locations: P(Latitude: 7°37`46.074 and Longitude: 4°12`2.250), Q(Latitude: 7°37`14.886 and Longitude: 4°11`10.608), R(Latitude: 7°37`26.964 and Longitude: 4°11`6.552) and S(Latitude: 7°39`18.312 and Longitude: 4°10`57.552) in Iwo town, Osun State, Southwest, Nigeria. To measure SAR values of each location, five different Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) were conducted randomly using a Schlumberger arrangement. IPWin2 computer software was used to analyse the data. Soil Samples (SS) of each VES station were taken and analysed at the Civil Engineering Laboratory. VES results showed that P, Q, R and S had different lithologies, SAR, depths, and Lowest Soil Apparent Resistivity Values (LSARV) ranging from 1.47-51.98Ωm. 40.40-73.60Ωm, 27.00-67.40Ωm, and 18.40-88.00Ωm while their respective depths were 2.06-26.40m, 7.13-11.8m, 9.65-11.60m, and 6.23-8.20m. LSARV of each location were attributed to the presence of conductive and moisture-rich minerals, which made the fault current cause the breaker/fuse to cut off, thereby safeguarding electrical appliances, animals, and humans. SS results indicated that P, Q, R, and S, on average, had 33.38%, 38.40%, 27.06%, and 29.68% SMC, respectively, which agrees with VES results. R2 values of SAR and SMC indicated ranges from 0.2357 to 0.7064. Thus, correlations between SAR and SMC values were established. This research has revealed ranges of SAR, depth and SMC that electrical engineers need for GSI.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mutiu Alani Fakunle, Mr. Ibrahim Isola Muraina, David Kehinde Adeleke, Muhydeen Akanni Ibraheem, Maruf Moronkola Popoola https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of heavy metal toxicity potential in the meat of randomly selected cows and goats slaughtered in Ado Ekiti abattoirs, Nigeria
Meat is a premier protein source that enhances human health and well-being by facilitating tissue repair, growth, and antibody synthesis. However, heavy metal contamination in animal tissues and organs is a growing concern due to its potential health risks through bioaccumulation in the food chain. This study investigated the concentration of cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in blood and selected organs (liver, kidney, heart, and intestine) of bovine and caprine species from the Ado Ekiti, Nigeria, abattoir. Samples were collected, prepared, and digested using standard protocols, while an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) was employed to determine the metal concentrations as an index of potential toxicity. The findings revealed varying levels of heavy metals across all samples, with the kidney and intestine showing higher concentrations of heavy metal contaminants, followed by the liver and heart. Consistently, Zn was found in higher concentrations, while Cd, Pb, and Cr exceeded World Health Organisation (WHO) permissible limits in most samples. Comparatively, results indicated higher metal concentrations in goats than cows, possibly due to differences in feeding habits and environmental exposure. Blood samples also reflected recent exposure, with metal levels slightly above acceptable limits. The research highlighted the potential health risks associated with consuming contaminated animal products and called for continuous monitoring of heavy metals in livestock to safeguard public health.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abiodun Oluwatosin Adeoye, Naziru Imam , Rukayat Oluwatobiloba Quadri, Professor Olayide Samuel Lawal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Geochemical Studies of Heavy Metals in Stream Sediments around Oguro, Southwestern Nigeria
This research presents a geochemical assessment of heavy metals in stream sediments from Oguro, Southwestern Nigeria, aimed at evaluating contamination levels and identifying potential sources. Twelve sediment samples were collected and analyzed for Cr, V, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, Th, Zr, Mo, and Ti using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). A suite of geochemical indices—including the Geoaccumulation Index (I_geo), Contamination Factor (CF), Enrichment Factor (EF), and Pollution Load Index (PLI)—were employed alongside multivariate techniques. Results indicate that Cr, V, Ni, Th, and Zr are predominantly of lithogenic origin, whereas Cu, Zn, Pb, and Co show elevated spatial variability (CV > 96%) and enhanced I_geo (>12), CF (>3), and EF (>40), indicating strong anthropogenic inputs. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Ward-linkage hierarchical clustering identified two primary geochemical groupings: an anthropogenic cluster comprising transition and heavy metals, and a lithogenic–radiogenic assemblage. Despite low basin-wide PLI values (<0.5), metal concentrations at specific sites (e.g., L5 and L6) approach benchmark thresholds, highlighting areas of concern. The results provide a robust framework for environmental quality monitoring and inform management strategies for sediment quality in transitional agro-urban watersheds.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mustapha Taiwo Jimoh, Odunayo Jumoke: Oyebode, R. R> Owolabi, A. F. Ayandokun https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Methanolic leaf extract of Pericopsis laxiflora (benth. ex baker) meeuwen protects against cadmium-induced testicotoxicity in male sprague-dawley rats via antioxidant capabilities
Pericopsis laxiflora (Benth) Meeuwen is used in African folk medicine to mitigate numerous infections. This study evaluated the antioxidant, phytochemical and antimicrobial activities and protective potential of P. laxiflora methanol leaf extract against cadmium-induced testicotoxicity in male Sprague–Dawley rats. The methanol extract of P. laxiflora leaves (MLPL) obtained by cold maceration contained several phytochemicals, but no cardiac glycosides or terpenoids were found. It showed remarkable dose-dependent in vitro antioxidative activity. The extract had similar antibacterial effects as ciprofloxacin against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. However, it was more effective against S. pneumoniae than the other bacterial strains. Similarly, it exhibited antifungal activities comparable to Griseofulvin against Candida albicans and Aspergillus spp. The extract corrected the damage occasioned by intoxication with CdCl2. It elevated testicular malonaldehyde like Quercetin. The increased NO and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities induced by treating Sprague–Dawley rats with CdCl2 were significantly reduced by the MLPL extract. The extract also attenuated the production of β-catenin and B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) protein in the testiculocytes of the rats and restored severe perivascular inflammation in liver cells. Through several mechanisms, MLPL showed protective effects against testis injury induced by cadmium chloride in Sprague–Dawley rats.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdulrasaq Oyedeji, Christian Ukonu, Semiu Lawal, Luqmon Azeez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Bicyclic work done on a star-like finite chain semigroup
This paper compares the work of bicyclic products and idempotent product chains on the star-like operator to demonstrate potential connections between semigroup and group theory. This research advances our understanding of star-like transformation semigroups and their algebraic features, particularly in terms of bicyclic and idempotent products. The findings add to previous understanding by obtaining the arithmetic and polynomial sequential patterns. We show that the composition of any star-like transformations produces the bicyclic products work done such that, for all . The research contributes to the larger discipline of abstract algebra by introducing new results and approaches for examining algebraic structures.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Kamiludeen Rotimi Tijani, Dr. Sulaiman Awwal Akinwunmi, Dr. Risqot Garba Ibrahim, Dr. Naimat Gatta Bakare, Hussaini Saidu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Artificial oxygen carriers as an alternative to allogenic blood transfusion: success and challenges
Artificial blood, also referred to as artificial oxygen carriers, is a blood substitute or an alternative to blood/blood products that can perform the most indispensable activities of blood, which are the transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Artificial oxygen carriers could be a daily living support measure, particularly during serious blood loss in disasters; however, the products currently being developed can't provide the additional components of blood, such as immune support. The main indications for the clinical use of artificial oxygen carriers include cardiovascular surgery, elective surgery, trauma, perfusion of ischemic tissue, organ preservation, drug carriers, and oxygenation of solid tumours. Desirable qualities of artificial oxygen carriers included the absence of adverse effects and pathogens, in addition to oxygen transport; they can effectively deliver oxygen to tissues, have a long shelf life at room temperature, require no pre-requisite of cross-matching, blood grouping and Compatibility tests, and survive in circulation for a considerable time. The major types of artificial oxygen carriers include perfluorocarbons, fluorosol-DA, perftoan and dodecafluoropentane. Data were collected from PubMed, Google Scholar, Taylor & Francis, MDPI, Springer, Nature, BMC, and other related sources. In this review, the details of artificial oxygen carriers and the successes and challenges of using them as an alternative to allogenic blood transfusion were thoroughly analysed.
Copyright (c) 2025 IBRAHIM KALLE KWAIFA, Ukashat Bello Bunza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Green synthesis of graphene/zinc oxide nanocomposite for Optoelectronic Applications
This research presents a green synthesis of high-quality graphene (G), zinc oxide (ZnO) and graphene/zinc oxide (G/ZnO) nanocomposites. Zinc Oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were synthesised using Amarus Pinnantum extracts, while graphene was derived from Bryophyllum Pinnatum shoot plant extracts. The integration of graphene into the ZnO matrix was investigated to enhance its structural, optical, and electrical properties, particularly electron mobility. The synthesised materials were characterised using UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). UV-Vis spectra revealed characteristic absorption bands for graphene, ZnO, and G/ZnO. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of functional groups associated with each material, including 593 cm-1 (Zn-O bending vibrations), 1088 and 1459 cm-1 (C-H Alkyl group bending vibrations), 1583 cm-1 (C=C Aromatic stretching vibration), and 3467 and 3777 cm-1 (O-H Hydroxyl group stretching vibration) in the G/ZnO nanocomposites. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images showed spherical zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles, a rough, flake-like graphene structure, and a porous, aggregated morphology for the G/ZnO nanocomposite. EDS analysis verified the elemental composition of the materials. The electrical properties of the G/ZnO nanocomposite were significantly improved compared to pure graphene and ZnO nanoparticles. The composite exhibited a higher current (4.62 μA) and lower resistivity (405.56 Ω·m) at a specific voltage (0.60 V). This enhancement is attributed to the formation of a percolative network within the composite, which facilitates efficient charge transfer and improves electron mobility. These findings suggest that the G/ZnO nanocomposite holds promise for applications in optoelectronic devices.
Copyright (c) 2025 Adedokun Oluwaseun, Gbadero Damilare Sunday, Adedokun Kehinde Asamu, Ojo Adekunle Oluwafemi , Oyewole Olayinka Joshua, Adegboyega Oludele, Adenigba Victoria Olaide , Awodele Mojoyinola Kofoworola https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effects of gasoline exposure on some haematological and coagulation parameters among fuel attendants in Sokoto metropolis
Gasoline is always available in the atmosphere whenever it is distributed, particularly at gas stations and depots. Excessive benzene exposure has been shown to affect bone marrow, leading to a reduction in circulating blood cells. This cross-sectional study aimed at determining the effects of petroleum on haematological and coagulation parameters among occupational workers. A total of 80 participants were recruited, 40 exposed (5 females, 35 males) and 40 controls (20 females, 20 males). A simple random sampling method was used, and a questionnaire was administered. Socio-demographic data of the study participants were taken. A full blood count was performed using a haematological analyser. Coagulation parameters were measured using the manual method at 37 °C. The results showed a statistically significant increase in the exposed group compared to the control group in Red Blood Cells (RBC) (5.77±0.78; 5.77±0.78), Haemoglobin (Hb) (13.27±1.48; 11.81±1.56), and Haematocrit (HCT) (41.89±5.19; 38.02±4.13), p<0.001, respectively. The Partial Thrombin Time and Kaolin (PTTK) results showed a statistically significant increase in the exposed compared to the control group (41.13±8.37; 30.28±5.61), p<0.001. The Prothrombin Time (PT) (13.03±0.28; 14.25±1.32) and International Normalised Ratio (INR) (1.002±0.02; 1.096±0.09) p<0.001 were statistically decreased between the exposed and the control group, respectively. There was a statistically significant negative correlation between PT, RBC (r= -0.295), PT, HCT (r= -0.310), and between INR, RBC (r= -0.301), INR, HCT (r= -0.315), p<0.05, respectively. This research showed a significant effect on the coagulation parameters. Hence, protective equipment for petrol station workers should be used to minimise exposure to gasoline.
Copyright (c) 2025 IBRAHIM KALLE KWAIFA, Habila Simnom, Garba Abdullahi, Hasana S. Ibrahim, Abdullahi Isiyaku , Abdullahi Aliyu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Screening for Biosurfactant-Producing Bacteria Isolated from Abattoir Soil
Biosurfactants possess essential properties that make them highly indispensable in many industries, such as waste management, food, agriculture, and pharmaceuticals, due to their surface-active and wetting abilities. The search for microorganisms capable of producing this extensively utilized biomolecule is increasing daily. In this study, abattoir soil collected from Awka metropolis, Anambra State, was screened for biosurfactant-producing bacteria using mineral salt medium (MSM) supplemented with engine oil. Three bacterial isolates (NJ1, NJ2, and NJ3) were obtained from MSM agar. These isolates were subjected to four biosurfactant screening assays: haemolysis test, drop collapse test, oil spreading test, and emulsification index (E24). The results indicated that all three isolates showed alpha-haemolytic activity, and drop collapse positive reactions. Notably, NJ3 exhibited complete collapse reaction (+++) in the drop collapse test. Additionally, in the oil spreading test, NJ3 demonstrated the highest displacement of engine oil (10 mm), followed by NJ2 (7 mm) and NJ1 (5 mm). The determination of E24 using kerosene for all isolates revealed that NJ1 exhibited the highest E24 at 13%, while NJ2 and NJ3 had E24 of 2.56% and 2.50%, respectively. Morphological characterization, Gram’s staining, and biochemical analyses performed on the isolates, identified NJ1 and NJ3 as members of Streptomyces spp., while NJ2 was identified as Bacillus sp. These findings suggest that abattoir soil could be a potential source of biosurfactant-producing bacteria. Biosurfactants possess essential properties that make them highly indispensable in many industries, such as waste management, food, agriculture, and pharmaceuticals, due to their surface-active and wetting abilities. The search for microorganisms capable of producing this extensively utilised biomolecule is increasing daily. In this study, abattoir soil collected from Awka metropolis, Anambra State, was screened for biosurfactant-producing bacteria using mineral salt medium (MSM) supplemented with engine oil. Three bacterial isolates (NJ1, NJ2, and NJ3) were obtained from MSM agar. These isolates were subjected to four biosurfactant screening assays: haemolysis test, drop collapse test, oil spreading test, and emulsification index (E24). The results indicated that all three isolates showed alpha-haemolytic activity and drop collapse positive reactions. Notably, NJ3 exhibited a complete collapse reaction (+++) in the drop collapse test. Additionally, in the oil spreading test, NJ3 demonstrated the highest displacement of engine oil (10 mm), followed by NJ2 (7 mm) and NJ1 (5 mm). The determination of E24 using kerosene for all isolates revealed that NJ1 exhibited the highest E24 at 13%, while NJ2 and NJ3 had E24 of 2.56% and 2.50%, respectively. Morphological characterisation, Gram staining, and biochemical analyses performed on the isolates identified NJ1 and NJ3 as members of Streptomyces spp., while NJ2 was identified as Bacillus sp. These findings suggest that abattoir soil could be a potential source of biosurfactant-producing bacteria. Keywords: Biosurfactant, Abattoir, Oil Spreading, Screening, Streptomyces spp
Copyright (c) 2024 Ray Niofunimbi Izomor, Miriam Adaku Okpara, Anulika Goodness Chukwujekwu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Risk Evaluation Associated with Abelmuscus Esculentus Consumption Grown on Decommissioned Goldmine Sediment and Water
The presence of toxic elements in mining areas has always been a concern for public health worldwide. Previously conducted studies have mainly focused on separate soil or water contamination as routes to potentially toxic elements, conceivably underestimating residents' risks. This study examined the health risks associated with the consumption of Abelmuscus esculentus planted in different sediment compositions; control soil + control water (CSCW), control soil + goldmine water (CSGW), goldmine sediment + control water (GSCW) and goldmine sediment + goldmine water (GSGW). As, Ni, Cr and Cd concentrations in goldmine water were found to be higher than allowable limits. After 21 days, A. esculentus seedlings planted on different soil/sediment compositions were harvested for the determination of elements using an inductively coupled plasma-optical electron spectrometer (ICP-OES). Estimated dietary intakes of minerals and toxic metals were lower than recommended limits. The non-carcinogenic risks posed by heavy metals are minimal, but A. esculentus in GSGW had 131.67 % greater risks of being hazardous. Carcinogenic risks indicate that A. esculentus grown in all soil/sediment compositions had the potential to cause cancer, with GSGW having approximately 63 % higher risks. Farming practices employing goldmine sediment and water present foreseeable hazards to health when not controlled going by findings in this study. Keywords: Abelmuscus esculentus, Carcinogenic risk; Estimated dietary intake; Gold mining; Hazard ndex
Copyright (c) 2024 A. L. Adejumo, R. O. Adetoro, A. A. Oladejo, T. O Kolawole, A. O Oyedeji, E. A Adeleke, A. M Oke, O.S. Awolola, O. E. Ishola, Luqman A Azeez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Potential Consequences of Water-Soluble Acetaminophen-Chromium Combination in Clarias Gariepinus: Bioaccumulation and Oxidative Perturbations of Antioxidant Enzyme Activities
In this study, emerging-recalcitrant water contaminants were examined to determine their impact on water quality and oxidative disruption of antioxidant markers in Clarias gariepinus (African catfish). Fifty C. gariepinus were randomly exposed to fresh water, 250 mg/L acetaminophen (ACT), 0.525 mg/L chromium (Cr) and a mixture of ACT+Cr – dosed water for 21 days. As compared to the control, dosed water did not significantly (p ˃ 0.05) affect dissolved oxygen (DO), but biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) significantly increased in ACT, ACT+Cr, and Cr-dosed water. Levels of ACT in C. gariepinus exposed to different concentrations followed by kidney ˃ gill ˃ liver ˃ heart. Likewise, higher Cr presence was found in C. gariepinus gills exposed to 0.350 mg/L Cr. Accordingly, kidneys and gills were the worst affected organs by ACT and Cr accumulation. All the targeted organs of C. gariepinus exposed to different concentrations of ACT+Cr showed a concentration-dependent reduction in catalase (CAT) activity, indicating the synergistic effects of ACT and heavy metals. Based on these results, ACT and Cr adversely affect the kidneys and gills of C. gariepinus, compromising their physiological activity. As a result, pharmaceutical wastes and heavy metal effluents released into the aquatic environment indiscriminately need to be monitored. Keywords Acetaminophen, Bioaccumulation, Clarias gariepinus, Chromium, Enzymatic antioxidant
Copyright (c) 2024 Ayoade L. Adejumo, Saheed O. Basiru, Adebayo E. Adeleke, Rasheed O. Adetoro, Harun K. Aremu, Stephen O. Owolabi, Luqman A Azeez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synergistic Ameliorative Capabilities of Quercetin and Ascorbic Acid on Hepatic and Pro-Inflammatory Markers of Arsenic-Induced Toxicity in Obese Wistar Rats
Obesity and arsenic exposure have been linked to many health issues. However, arsenic poisoning severity and susceptibility may depend on Body Mass Index (BMI), oxidative state, food supplements, and other factors. This study examines how quercetin and ascorbic acid can improve arsenic-induced health dysfunctions in normal and high BMI male Wistar rats. A total of 70 male Wistar rats weighing between 135 - 220 g were divided into 10 groups. A: Control group; B: sodium arsenite group; C: quercetin + sodium arsenite group; D: ascorbic acid + sodium arsenite group; E: sodium arsenite + quercetin + ascorbic acid; F: obese group; G: obese + sodium arsenite group; H: obese + sodium arsenite + quercetin group; I: obese + sodium arsenite + ascorbic acid group; J: obese + sodium arsenite + quercetin + ascorbic acid group, all treatments were administered orally daily for twenty-eight (28) days. The doses administered were 595 mg/kg body weight of ascorbic acid (10 % LD50), 50 mg/kg body weight of quercetin (5 % LD50), and 0.75 mg/kg body weight of sodium arsenite (5 % LD50). Concentrations of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL 6), TNF-alpha (TNF-α), COX-2, nitric oxide (NO), total bilirubin (TBL) and activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) were determined in plasma. Upon the completion of the experiment, serum IL-1β, IL 6, TNF-α, COX-2, NO, TBL concentrations and ALP, AST, ALT, and GGT activities increased significantly (p<0.05) across the groups and treatment with quercetin and ascorbic acid ameliorated the pathological alteration elicited or caused by sodium arsenite. The findings showed that arsenic exposure altered pro-inflammatory and hepatic function indices in high BMI rats, while treatment with quercetin and ascorbic acid exhibited an ameliorative effect against this obesity and arsenic-induced health dysfunctions. Keywords: Body Mass Index, Dysfunctions, Sodium arsenite, Inflammation
Copyright (c) 2024 Adeola Busayo Adenmosun, Omowumi Oyeronke Adewale, Tope G. Atere, Olu Israel Oyewole https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Green Synthesis of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles for Improved Performance in Monolithic Dye Sensitized Solar Cells
This research investigated the impact of incorporating green synthesised copper oxide nanoparticles into nanoporous carbon counter electrodes to enhance photovoltaic performance in Monolithic Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (MDSSCs). Copper oxide nanoparticles were successfully synthesised using an extract from Ocimum gratissimum leaves. Optical absorption between 250 nm and 400 nm confirmed the formation of copper oxide nanoparticles. XRD patterns indicated the crystalline nature of the copper oxide nanoparticles, with an average crystallite size of 47.9 nm. FTIR analyses identified chemical bonds potentially responsible for nanoparticle formation. MDSSC performance evaluation demonstrated a significant 3.5% increase in efficiency over the cells without nanoparticles; this translates to a 105.9% increase in efficiency observed for cells with the nanoparticles. The incorporation of green-synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles into the counter electrode of MDSSCs exhibited an eco-benign and even dispersion, suggesting its potential as a promising nanomaterial for DSSC applications. Keywords: Green Synthesis; Nanoparticles; Copper Oxide; Counter Electrode; Monolithic Dye -Sensitised Solar Cell
Copyright (c) 2024 Ayodele Abiodun, Dr. G. A. Alamu, O.O Daramola, Dr. O. Adedokun, Prof. Y. K. Sanusi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Distribution of Rubber Leaf Fall Disease in the Swamp Lands of Barito Kuala District
Swamp land is a rubber development area in South Kalimantan and rubber plants are a leading commodity in South Kalimantan, second after palm oil plants. Starting in 2019, the rubber industry in Indonesia experienced an outbreak of leaf fall disease. This disease causes a decrease in latex production of up to 50%, even in advanced conditions, infected plants will rot and die without treatment. This research aims to study the distribution of rubber leaf fall disease in the swamplands of Barito Kuala district. A disease incidence and severity survey was carried out using a stratified random sampling method. It was observed that eight sub-districts in Barito Kuala district and Banjar district had swamp land that planted rubber. At four locations/villages in each sub-district, sample plants were taken, and it was determined that there were 25 plants diagonally. Disease incidence and severity parameters followed the International Rubber Research Development Board. The research revealed that rubber leaf fall disease has spread in four rubber-plantation sub-districts. All sub-districts surveyed were 100% affected by rubber leaf fall disease. The rubber leaf fall disease attack in the studied is quite severe with an average disease severity of 67%. Keywords: Distribution, Leaf fall disease, Rubber, Swamp land
Copyright (c) 2024 Mariana Mariana, Muhammad Indar Pramudi Pramudi, Muhammad Rifai https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Facile recycling of polyethene and polyethene terephthalate waste into wax and composite tiles
The use of polyethene (PE) in packaging has always been associated with attendant environmental issues. Waste PE was sorted and processed from Fountain University, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria. For analysis, bottled water packaging, and nylon water sachets (PE) made of polyethene terephthalate (PET) were cleaned, dried, shredded, and characterised using X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) techniques. Two types of candle waxes (A and B) of different grades 1-4 labelled as (A1–A4), (B1 – B4) and composite tiles A and B (CTAs and CTBs) were made using egg shells as a source of calcium carbonate. Thermal recycling was done by combining PE with stearic acid (SA). O-H stretching bands were detected by FT-IR at 3457 cm-1 (A) and 3449 cm-1 (B), while PE peaks were observed at 2918 cm-1 and 720 cm-1, due to -C-H stretching. The wax characteristics, indicated by the endothermic peaks, were detected by DSC (94.5 °C for A and 99 °C for B). The candles' qualities were improved by additives. The hot- and cold-water absorption and flammability of the egg-shell-incorporated composite tiles exhibit favourable characteristics, with superior water and heat resistance, compared with the commercial tiles. The blends of SA and PE enhanced the candle performances. This study demonstrated the feasibility of repurposing the waste PE into economically viable products, candles and tiles, and supported the idea of “waste to wealth
Copyright (c) 2025 Prof. Moriam Dasola Adeoye, Kafayat Adegbore, Lukmon Jinadu, Hanif Taofeek-Azeez, Opeyemi Ojo, Raimot Ojedokun https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Molecular Characterization and Distribution of Malaria Vectors in three Agrarian Communities of Kano State, North West Nigeria
Malaria vector abundance has been linked to certain agricultural practices. This work examined the impact of the agricultural practice of irrigation on the composition and seasonal distribution of malaria vectors in agrarian communities of Kano state. Longitudinal data collection was done four times a year, corresponding to different transmission seasons from early rains to late rainy season, early dry season to late dry season. Indoor-biting adult mosquitoes were collected using standard pyrethrum spray collection (PSC) techniques. Female Anopheles mosquitoes collected from houses were morphologically identified to species level. Molecular characterisation of the members of the Anopheles gambiae complex was carried out using PCR technique. Two thousand four hundred fifty-two (2452) adult female Anopheles species were collected throughout the study period. The Large Irrigation (LIC) and Urban Irrigation Communities (UIC) had a higher mean abundance of female Anopheles mosquitoes across seasons. There was a significant difference in the mean adult mosquito catch across the season (F =113.49, p≤0.001) and across the three communities (F = 44.73; p ≤0.001). Anopheles gambiae sl. was the most encountered among the four species, with a mean abundance of 11.94±11.76, 5.39±7.45 and 2.58 ±3.41 for LIC, UIC and NIC, respectively. Molecular characterisation of An. gambiae s.l. by PCR showed the presence of three sibling species, An. coluzzi, An. gambiae ss and An. arabiensis. An. Coluzzi was significantly more abundant across the three communities during the wet and dry seasons. The predominance of this species has implications for malaria control. This study shows that irrigation is likely to influence mosquito breeding, thus exposing community members to a higher risk of being bitten by infected vectors. A review of the ecology of Anopheles species, especially in urban environments, is needed, considering the current abundance of malaria vectors in the urban community. Keywords: Seasonal, Abundance, Composition, Anopheles species, Irrigation, Urban
Copyright (c) 2024 Florence Darda, Maryam Eluma, Tolulope Oyeniyi, Samson Awolola, Georgina Mwansat , Nannim Nanvyat, Jael Asabe Yohanna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in Malumfashi Local Government Area, Northwestern Nigeria
People in Malumfashi Local Government Area Katsina State, Nigeria have been using medicinal plants to cure various ailments since time immemorial. However, the medicinal uses of such plants were never documented. Herein, we conducted an ethnobotanical survey to document medicinal plants as well as the ethnobotanical knowledge of Malumfashi Local Government, Katsina State, Nigeria. We employed a semi-structured questionnaire to interview 50 respondents comprising of herbalists, traditional midwives, housewives and farmers. Medicinal plants belonging to 37 genera distributed among 29 families were documented. The majority of the mentioned medicinal plants belong to the family Fabaceae (9), Asteraceae Combretaceae and Moraceae (4), Malvaceae (3), Myrtaceae and Anacardiaceae (2) families. Securidaca longipedunculata, Azadirachta indica, and Mangifera indica were the medicinal plants with the highest relative frequency of citation with 0.44. 0.38, and 0.34, respectively. For fidelity level (FL), Spinacia oleracea and Diospyros mespiliformis were the species with the highest, 100% each. Among the 10 categories of ailments, Urogenital, Fever, and Antinode had the highest Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) of 0.78,0.76 and 0.75, respectively. Most of the reported plants (84%) were trees and shrubs and about 70% of the surveyed plants were wild. The most frequent plant parts used were leaves and bark. The majority of the medications (70%) were prepared as decoctions and were mostly administered orally (86%). We recommend screening of bioactive compounds present in the reported plant species as well as their biological activities on the pathogens that cause the diseases. Additionally, the cultivation of medicinal plants to minimize the pressure on wild species is also recommended. Keywords: Ailments, Ethnobotanical survey, Malumfashi Local Government, Medicinal plants
Copyright (c) 2024 M. S. Gidado, S. S. Yaradua https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Molecular Validation of Cichlids from Zobe Reservoir, Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria Using Cytochrome Oxidase (COI) Genes
The species of cichlids are easily misidentified due to their morphological similarities. This study, therefore, was designed to discriminate the cichlid species inhabiting Zobe reservoir using a molecular approach. Samples of different cichlid species were collected from the reservoir between August and November 2022 and identified using their morphological features following the field guide to Nigerian freshwater fish. Fin clips of two samples from each of the species were fixed in 100% ethanol and the DNA was extracted. The mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase (CO1) gene area was amplified (using the FishF1 and FishR1 primer pair), purified and sequenced to reveal the identity of the species. Morphologically, the result revealed the presence of four species, namely: Oreochromis niloticus, Oreochromis mossambicus, Sarotherodon galilaeus, and Coptodon zilli. The genetic identity of the samples agreed with the earlier attempt made at morphological discrimination except for O. mossambicus which matches the partial and complete genome of Oreochromis aureus, hence, solving misidentification. The phylogenetic tree of the CO1 genes constructed using MEGA 11 software reveals the species were grouped independently into the three different genera of the Cichlidae family (i.e., the Coptodon, Oreochromis and Sarotherodon). This study affirms the need for molecular confirmation of morphologically identified cichlids in Nigeria. Keywords: Cichlids, DNA Barcoding, Identification, Phylogeny, Polymerase Chain Reaction
Copyright (c) 2024 H. A. Salele, A. B. Dauda, Prof. A. H. Bichi, Prof. O. A. Sogbesan, V. T. Okomoda , I. B. Machina https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Predictors of Risky Sexual Practice among Undergraduates Using Social Media in Osun State University, Osogbo
Social media has become part of students' lives with most undergraduates spending at least more than an hour on social media with various kinds of misuse including accessing adult materials. This study sought to determine the predictive powers of students' socio-demographic characteristics on involvement in risky sexual practices when using social media. The study was a cross-sectional descriptive survey including 400 undergraduates selected from the Departments of English Language and Education & History in the Ikire Campus; Community Medicine and Physiology in the Osogbo campus; and Animal Science and Agricultural Economics in the Ejigbo Campus through a multi-stage sampling procedure. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire consisting of five sections with both univariate and bivariate analyses conducted using the SPSS software version 20.0. The mean age of the respondents was 16.4±3.7years, 65.2% were female, 26.5% were 100L students, 95.5% were single, 93.5% belonged to the Yoruba ethnic group, and 67.0% were Christians. Similarly, 97.2% of the respondents had access to social media, and 87.8% accessed social media frequently. Facebook (82.5%), WhatsApp (79.9%), and Twitter (73.3%) were the most used social media platforms. The majority (60%) were exposed to sexual risks, and 59% had a poor attitude towards risky sexual behaviour. Online dating without prior knowledge of the partner (58.8%) and viewing porn (37.3%) were the major risky sexual practices among the students. While the socio-demographic variables were associated with sexual practice, attitude, and sexual exposure since using social media, only age and gender were significantly associated with sexual practice and attitude respectively at P<0.05. With the consequences of unhindered access to social media among undergraduates especially on sexuality, the study therefore recommends a health education intervention to include a comprehensive sexual health education to all stakeholders in the parenting journey to produce morally upright youths in the society. Keywords: Social Media, Risky Sexual Practices, Facebook, Twitter, WhatsApp, Undergraduate students
Copyright (c) 2024 A. K. Adegbore, A. M. Adegbore, R. J. Akinbiyi, J. I. Adegoke, M. A. Lawal, A. T. Olabode, I. B. Yusuf https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Aflatoxin-B1 Exposure on Performance and Haematological Stress Indicators in Male Sprague Dawley Rats
Aflatoxin-B1 is a ubiquitous mycotoxin usually accumulated in food and feeds, thereby posing a critical health risk to humans and animals. This study was carried out to determine its effects on performance characteristics and haematoogy indicators of stress in male Sprague Dawley rats. The rats were randomly distributed into 4 groups (n=10 per group) including an unexposed group that served as control and other groups which were orally exposed to 150 µg of aflatoxin-B1 per kg body weight on a varied basis for 28 days. The records of food intake and body weight changes were obtained while blood was collected at the end of the study for downstream analyses. There was a significant difference observed in food intake, body weight, kidney weight, liver weight, lung weight, and testes weight of the rats (p<0.05). There was a significant difference observed in the heterophil-lymphocytes ratio and bilirubin concentration as haematology biomarkers of stress in the rats (p<0.001). The study concluded that aflatoxin-B1 exposure in rats is capable of inducing stress-related performance dysfunction such as reduced food intake and body weight loss, while haematoogy biomarkers of stress heterophil-lymphocyte ratio and bilirubin concentrations could be used as potential biomarkers suitable for measuring these performance dysfunctions. There is a need for further studies to establish the possible use of heterophil-lymphocyte ratio and bilirubin as measures of performance compromise in response to aflatoxin-B1 exposure in rats. Keywords: Aflatoxin-B1, Stress, Heterophil-lymphocyte ratio, Bilirubin concentration
Copyright (c) 2024 A. B. Sikiru, S. S. A Egena, I. C. Alemede, J. O. Alabi, J. O. Makinde, H. Bebera https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effects of Sowing Depths on Nutritional Metabolites of Three Cucurbitaceae Species
Variations in soil nutrients can influence the nutritional attributes of crops. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of varying sowing depths (2-8 cm) at 2 cm intervals on the nutritional contents of Luffa cylindrica (LC), Citrullus lanatus (CL) and Citrullus colocynthis (CC) fruits. Proximate, mineral and vitamin contents of seeds and pulps of fruits of the plants were determined. Protein (31.10±0.17 %), crude fibre (4.48±0.02 %), fat (47.13±0.27 %), ash (2.50±0.01 %) and carbohydrate (99.66±0.03 %) were higher (p<0.05) in seeds produced by CC sown at 6 cm compared with other sowing depths. Sodium (23.17±0.02 mg/100 g), potassium (370.47±0.34 mg/100 g), calcium (18.61±0.01 mg/100 g) and copper (0.25±0.01 mg/100 g) were higher in the pulp produced by seeds of LC sown at 6 cm. Similar significant increases were observed in phosphorus (13.28±0.11 mg/100 g), iron( 8.12±0.01 mg/100 g), zinc(8.60±0.06 mg/100 g), and magnesium (2.28±0.01 mg/100 g) in seeds produced by LC seeds sown at 6 cm. Vitamin A (0.58±0.01 mg/100 g) and Vitamin K(0.19±0.15 mg/100 g) were also higher in seeds produced by CL seeds sown at 2 cm, Vitamin C (7.76±0.05 mg/100 g) and vitamin E(0.17±0.00 mg/100 g)in the pulp of CL seeds sown at 4 cm while Vitamin D (1.40±1.33 mg/100 g) was higher in the pulp produced by CC fruits whose seeds were sown at 6 cm. In conclusion, seeds of CC sown at 6 cm contained higher proximate and mineral compositions and vitamins in pulp than CL and LC. Therefore, cultivation of the plants at 4-6 cm is recommended to ensure a higher nutritional content of the plants. Keywords: Luffa cylindrica, Citrullus lanatus, Citrullus colocynthis, proximate, vitamin
Copyright (c) 2023 Janet Opeyemi Ajayi, A. W. Ojewumi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0